Critical Assessment For Sustainability Tourism Essay Essays

Critical Assessment For Sustainability Tourism Essay Essays Critical Assessment For Sustainability Tourism Essay Essay Critical Assessment For Sustainability Tourism Essay Essay Timothy D. and Dowling R. ( 2003 ) outline that a typology of Tourism-Host Community Relationships. This typology is based on measuring the relationship that exists between touristry and the finish community. There are four possible theories are win-win, win-lose, lose-win and lose-lose. Gambling Tourism is categorized in lose-win. The ground for this is the community loses while touristry additions the benefits. The side effects of gambling or gaming are the cloth of communities both in physical footings of countries which are pulled down to do manner for more casinos and besides the increasing societal jobs such as dependence and offense. Conversely, touristry additions as all inclusive bundles of gaming, amusement, shopping and adjustment are offered to possible visitants. This appraisal will try to demo the STEEP analysis of the current gaming touristry. Then it will look into a possible three scenarios with critically assessment based on clip which is short, in-between and long scope hereafter. Finally, the decision will explicate stakeholder responses for sustainability of chancing touristry. 2. Steep Analysis 2.1. Social Impact For many people, chancing could be lawful portion of their leisure and diversion activities where most of them are going gamblers who have a responsible mode and bask chancing as amusement ( MCG, 2008 ) . On the other manus, this sort of amusement could be a cause of serious jobs for themselves which impact on their households and the community. Sing the societal impact of chancing touristry, the activity frequently has been associated with organized offense, domestic force, wellness jobs and bankruptcy which may impact on both the local people and tourers from their habit-forming behaviours ( Ivanova A ; Atanasova, 2009 ) . From the negative perceptual experiences of chancing touristry among local occupants and tourers, they can be divided into the impact on persons and the impact on relationships as follow ( AIGR, 2001 ) : Impacts on persons The first impact is offense and wellness jobs. Gambling is decidedly vulnerable to offense, of which the major offenses might be fraud and money laundering and less major offenses could be rip offing and imploring. The scope of offense can get down from junior-grade larceny, shrinkage, hammering signatures for fiscal addition, to robbery, peculation, embezzlement, drug trafficking, burglary to build up robbery. Loan shark loaning has besides been established as holding a important relationship with chancing related condemnable activity such as physical torment and force being directed towards the gambler. For the wellness jobs, chancing has been negatively associated with a assortment of personal complaints such as depression, anxiousness, self-destruction and general ill-health. For illustration, in 1999 Australian national client study found the undermentioned consequences in relation to people with chancing jobs as ( AIGR, 2001 ) : aˆ? 95.6 % suffered from depression ; aˆ? 57.8 % earnestly considered self-destruction due to chancing ; aˆ? 13.6 % attempted self-destruction ; aˆ? 99 % suffered from guilt due to chancing ; and aˆ? 97 % had control jobs, that is, they would like to halt but ca nt . Impacts on relationships The 2nd impact is the affects of job chancing on interpersonal relationships with parents, kids, spouses, friends, work co-workers, and the general community. Some of the chief troubles job gamblers have experienced in their inter-personal relationships are, non holding adequate clip for household, the break-up of relationships, break-ups taking to be split-ups, losing contact with kids, violent behaviour due to chancing and household statements over money. 2. 2. Technological Impact Technological developments in chancing are quickly turning in prevalence around the universe. The purpose of the developments is to do it convenient to gamblers and easier to entree wagering games. Nowadays place gaming is preferred for gamblers. Due to the fact that there are several chancing engineerings which offer more options, chances and enticements. The most typical would be on-line chancing on cyberspace. The nature of internet, has no geographic boundaries. Therefore a participant can remain at place and behavior cross-border chancing with waiter who is located in other states. The coming of on-line betting is to supply a assortment of games such as jack oak, chemin de fer, and roulette every bit good as athleticss wagering and to take part in lottery draws. Furthermore, participants can come in the practical casino really easy by personal computing machines for leisure activities, awards or money. While chancing chances are spread outing by cyberspace engineering, the effects may excite an increasing demand for chancing services. Harmonizing to the Australian Institute of Criminology: Trends A ; Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice ( 1998 ) has identified that cyber wagering cut down the income of location based chancing industries in footings of damaging effects for employment in hotels and nines. Another possibility, on-line chancing frequently occurs in an unregulated mode and effects the feeling of security for the participants. However, there are increasing secure online fiscal minutess. Then once more, the present tendency of Internet betting is casino-style. As a consequence, many gaming operators are located in states with relaxed or nonexistent chancing statute law and revenue enhancement ordinances such as Liechtenstein, Antigua, the Cook Islands and the Dominican Republic ( Grant Chapman, 1998 ) . 2.3. Economic Impact In every state that has gaming as a legal industry there are both positive and negative effects in the economic impact because the authorities gets gross from the touristry, but they besides have to take duty for the negative effects. For the positive impact, there is an addition in economic development, addition employment, revenue enhancement grosss, and besides increase the figure of tourers who accept chancing has become their leisure activity. Governments have to back up the development of the chancing industry as driven chiefly because of economic demand and the generated revenue enhancement grosss ( Ivanova A ; Atanasova, 2009 ) . Many states have made chancing a legal industry because they can profit from chancing which can be extremely profitable. To indicate out that it creates employment, provides high grosss through bring forthing extra revenue enhancement and leads to betterment in substructure are all positive effects of many states that are back uping chancing tourist ry development ( Pahor, n.d. ) . For illustration ; in the instance of Atlantic City, New Jersey, in the United States, the primary intent of casino gambling was to redevelop the tourer and convention installations and to better the substructure and touristry capacity ( Dunstan, 1997 ) . On the other manus, the negative effects that chancing is closely related to offense, societal pathologies and societal break which authorities has to react to with all these effects ( Pahor, n.d. ) . From all these grounds, they show why the heavy societal and economic amendss caused by the casinos should non be undervalued. For case, the statistics from Nevada, whose economic system is highly dependent on the gaming industry, are dismaying. It has the highest self-destruction rate in the USA, the highest accident rate ( per stat mi driven ) and besides the highest rates of offense and school bead out ( IVLV, 2010 ) . The legality of the gaming industry and the turning entree such as installations in the current decennary has besides presented a important wellness menace to the local population, largely in the gaming dependence group. The Australian Productivity Commission research found that the wellness and societal costs of chancing can include ( AIGR, 2001 ) : aˆ? Financial costs ( household debts and bankruptcy ) aˆ? Effectss on productiveness and employment aˆ? Crime ( larceny, tribunal instances and imprisonment ) aˆ? Personal and household impacts ( divorce and separation, depression and self-destruction ) aˆ? Treatment costs. 2.4. Environmental Impact It is indispensable to analyze how the environment is influenced by the gaming sector. For making a sustainable touristry chancing sector, it is necessary to get down close cooperation with the Environmental Planning Group ( EPG ) . Harmonizing to Roe, Leader-Williams A ; Dalal Clyton, EPG is focused on environmental planning, resource direction and use issues . This administration is oriented on policy-making procedures and strategic planning for sustainable development ( Roe, Leader-Williams A ; Dalan Clyton, 1997 ) . Furthermore, the environment should be monitored continuously as the alterations which may happen due to misapply of resources may take to serious natural catastrophes ( Miller and Twinning-Ward, p. 51 ) . There are celebrated chancing topographic points in the universe such as Nevada, Atlantic City and Monte Carlo. The last metropolis is described by McMillen, 2005 as a theoretical account for exciting regional development which fuelled the proliferation of resort casinos throughout Europe in the center of 19th century. As chancing attracts affluent people, it provided a encouragement to the growing of touristry installations and substructure ( McMillen, 2005, p. 243 ) . Since that clip the Rivera became a celebrated topographic point for both rich Europeans and Americans to pass their vacations chancing. As an illustration the Casino de Monte Carlo became universe famous and even the most profitable casino ( McMillen, 2005, p. 243 ) in the whole of Europe. Nevada is the most celebrated chancing topographic point on the western seashore in U.S.A. , for illustration, casinos in Nevada offer full-service resort manner vacation ( Report to the Nevada Department of Human Resources, 2002, p.13 ) . Harmonizing to the California Research Bureau, 1995, it was the first metropolis in USA where casino gaming was legalized. ( Appendix 1 ) In comparing with Nevada, Atlantic City is known as the chancing metropolis on the American E seashore. The chancing industry in Atlantic City had its origin in 1978 ( Braunlich, 1996 ) . This twelvemonth went down in history as the terminal of Nevada s practical monopoly of casino-style gaming ( Shonkwiller, 1993 ) . 2.5. Political Impact In footings of chancing in a reversal of American values, this refers to an political orientation of hedonic consumerism ( McMillen, 1996 ) . Therefore chancing touristry as a portion of the tourers feelings should be independent of other recreational activities. However, the existent gaming industry around the universe is controlled by Torahs, ordinances and policies in each finish. In the book Gambling: Positions from the Social Sciences by Frey, James H. and Eadington ( 1984 ) has besides identified that limitations in chancing are created by Torahs, for the intent of protecting the weak minority of compulsive gamblers, every bit good as, to restrict the freedom of pick of the bulk. Furthermore the signifiers of gaming, for case, lotteries, beting on racing and charitable gaming are associated with the impacts of local markets, touristry and touristry development particularly casino chancing ( Pearce A ; Butler, 2002 ) . Due to the fact that a casino operation is related with several national and province legal powers. In a portion of the local community, chancing represents the ultimate in export-based activities such as allowing local revenue enhancements from casino operators and the direct, indirect and induced impacts of local casino based outgos. The division of national or authorities duties besides related with the import of revenue enhancement income and re-exportation of the all negative outwardnesss ( Felsenstein A ; Freeman, 2002 ) . These involve gamblers and the state, for illustration, chancing induced-addiction, bankruptcy and decreased productiveness. Scenario Assortment 3.1. The Short Range Future ( following 5 old ages ) The present society credence of gaming is a legitimate client chase. In add-on there are many freshly increased engineerings aimmed at conveying chancing into the place. As a consequence, the hereafter of chancing becomes more localised and less tourist-oriented ( Pearce A ; Butler, 1999 ) . 3.1.1 The history of following coevals engineering In the following 5 old ages, gaming, cyberspace and touch screen telecasting will be doing a new modern universe history for the following coevals together ( Hofex, 2008 ) which has developed from on-line chancing touristry and hi-technology installations. Due to the fact that chancing as a popular leisure and diversion activity coupled with engineering which is altering all the clip, Interactive touch screen telecasting ( ItouchTV ) is a convenient installation for wagering activities from the comfort of both local communities and tourers topographic points where there are hotels or aeroplanes. Wherever they are in the chancing touristry finish, Interactive touch screen Television gaming could let gamblers to put stakes by utilizing their fingertip and besides straight from their histories accessed while playing in the casino. Synergistic betting through this service is available for every debit and recognition universe broad histories such as AMEX, Visa, Master Card and PayPal whic h account holders can besides pull off their history, sedimentation financess and look into dealing history on ItouchTV ( Commonwealth of Australia. , 2009 ) . ItouchTV will be developed in every types of synergistic chancing include normal events like singing competitions or the Oscars through digital wage telecasting and digital free-to-air telecasting service of these chancing finishs. 3.1.2 Critical Assessment for Sustainability Combined with modern engineering and sustainable touristry, it can be predicted that habit-forming behaviour will develop for the following coevals of gamblers. As gaming and hi-technology Television prepare for a shared hereafter, the figure of immature gamblers will be increased quickly because of the ability to entree engineering at their topographic point easy whether they are local people or tourers. The future societal jobs will be over represented by gamblers who are under 30 old ages ( Chapman, 1998 ) because this group of people are fascinated by computing machine engineering and extremely literate in its application. Although new modern chancing touristry will much more popular to the following coevals of gamblers, it is a new challenge for the authorities and the private sectors to minimise injury from habit-forming behaviours and the future societal consequences by offering service suppliers the abilities of self-exclusion or self-setting betting bounds and put the ordina nce to command the future impact. Under the act, the effectivity of ordinance in the term of bar and intervention plan will be affected to the figure of young person gamblers, societal chancing impacts and high figure of habit-forming behaviours which all of them have to be decreased. 3.2. The Middle Range Future ( following 10 old ages ) To heighten a tendency of chancing at place, the gaming industry needs to supply an invention. This is the ground why there is a assortment of new wagering games development on the cyberspace to fulfill different client demands. Whereas chancing signifiers would non supply a freshness experience if the authorities had a monopoly ownership in the gaming industry. 3.2.1 Government Gambling versus Privatizing Gambling At this point in clip, there are many states which have granted themselves a monopoly over the chancing market place. There are authorities monopolies of chancing operations and the quality of chancing touristry industry by restricting rivals and keeping high monetary values. Harmonizing to National Gambling Impact Study Commission ( 1999a ) identified the authorities determines the degree and type of competition to be permitted such as granting, amending, and revoking monopolies, and curtailing or heightening competition about at will. These are besides the keys determiners of assorted industries possible net incomes and losingss. This paper agrees with this and believes accordingly it is to restrict entrants to a market place and new clients can be eliminated. Furthermore, private endeavors with lessened competition have reduced inducements to offer a assortment of chancing services. It may consequence the quality of the merchandises every bit good. By and large, government-owned chancing operations maintain the aims for the good of the populace. It contrasts with ordinances and the rule donee of chancing activities. Due to the fact that the increased public demand besides affects high societal disbursement, this pressures authoritiess to pass more of their budgets without increasing personal income revenue enhancements. Furthermore, the authorities would be responsible for the investing budgets of chancing concern. While the gaming concern is non ever successful, so the authorities risks fiscal losingss. In add-on, legalized chancing touristry should be conducted by the private sectors in the hereafter. Because non-government houses have strong inducements to supply better services at sensible monetary values. Therefore denationalizations lead to better efficiency and the wider handiness of merchandises and services. If being unprofitable or shutting concern, investors ought to be responsible for all losingss. In order for concern ventures to run at the disbursal of the taxplayers, companies must supply moderately priced merchandises to clients. Alternatively, authorities is non responsible for any hazards of concern operations. 3.2.2 Critical Assessment for Sustainability It can non be denied that authorities public presentation is a important influence for chancing touristry sustainability. There are three possible ways to pull off chancing industry. First authorities may implement more gambling prohibitions by patroling and statute law. Secondly authorities may allow the operation of private societal gaming and unfastened to abroad investing. Thirdly authorities owns and operates chancing operations as public endeavors. This paper believes public endeavors can heighten chancing industry expeditiously in the following 10 old ages. Casinos in The United States, for illustration, are organized denationalization as public endeavors: owned by authorities and operated by the private sector such as casino bet oning on ships, casinos on Indian militias and a combination of finish and casinos which offer a assortment of comfortss including adjustments and amusement ( Basham A ; White, 2002 ) . The Long Range Future ( following 20 old ages ) Nowadays infinite touristry is non science fiction any more but a luxury leisure activity for the wealthiest people on the planet. It is non merely an expensive journey for alleged infinite tourers but besides an of import new mark for the infinite industry ( Collins, 2006 ) . Collins, 2006 predicted that at a growing rate of some 100,000 riders per twelvemonth, the concern could make 700,000 riders per twelvemonth by 2017, at a monetary value of about $ 25,000 per a rider . Taking into consideration the long-run scenario, 20 old ages from the present clip, touristry activities could hold grown to a graduated table of $ 100 billion per twelvemonth which would make 1000000s of occupation ( Collins, 2006 ) . Space touristry will play major function as this diversion activity will convey around $ 1trillion greater than the value of continued taxpayer support of infinite bureaus activities without developing infinite touristry ( Collins, 2006 ) . Therefore, it is clearly seen the immense capacity for infinite touristry market. Furthermore, the long-run anticipation is based on the premise that chancing will work closely with infinite touristry industry. Commercial infinite riders will hold the chance to acquire entree to chancing installations while they are going in the cosmic sweep. Future aircrafts will be equipped with the most modern chancing machines and besides there would be synergistic connexion with the Earth planet which will let the chance to infinite tourers to wager on the races ( as illustration ) being held someplace on the Earth. This anticipation is realistic as human nature has a natural preference to play, hazard and competition ( Griffiths A ; Delfabbro, 2002, p.5 ) every bit good as chancing gives the chance to get away from the modus operandi mundane life and take on a new function. In add-on most of the affluent people will ever be looking for new sorts of amusement, so they will be satisfied with the new gaming s offer. 3.3.1. Critical Appraisal for Sustainability The major stakeholders such as infinite touristry association should make efficient sustainable touristry system which will vouch the harmonious development of infinite touristry avoiding of terrible maltreatment of infinite. Besides inventions should be implemented bit by bit and consciously. There are should be no desire to acquire big gross as the chief end for infinite touristry association must be sustainable infinite survey. The ground of organizing infinite Tourss should be the chance to advance the infinite to the multitudes. Community should be more educated approximately infinite as infinite touristry may acquire people interested to larn more about that sector which is still undiscovered. Decision In decision, chancing Tourism has a long history development since twentieth centuries. Although gaming is a public credence as recreational activities, but the effects of wagering touristry are still controversial issues. The chief quandary of chancing can be analyzed into societal, engineering, economic, environment and political impacts. Social jobs affect both persons and relationships, for cases, depression, self-destruction, losing contacts with friends and household. A portion of engineering analysis, globalisation has a large influence of engineering development. Gambling at place is a preferred tendency of clients, which emphasis on cyberspace or online betting. The effect of cyber betting is to cut down the income of location based chancing industries in term of damaging effects for employment in hotels and nines ( McMillen, A ; Grabosky, 1998 ) . Alternatively, chancing industry boosts the state economic system revenue enhancement grosss, increasing sum of tourers and besides supply a big Numberss of occupations. This ground why authorities enlarge chancing services to be more attractive particularly concentrating on environment in term of location and atmosphere by garnering comfortss, hotels and amusement. While political impacts can curtail gamblers chases by policies and ordinances. Because limitations o f chancing are created by Torahs for the intent of protecting the weak minority of compulsive gamblers every bit good as bound the freedom of pick of the bulk ( Frey A ; Eadington, 1984 ) . Harmonizing to STEEP analysis as above, three possible scenarios were predicted based on clip which is consists of short, in-between and long scope hereafter. The short term anticipation believes the following 5 old ages tend is still home gaming. And besides engineering development on gambling is prevalence around the universe viz. Synergistic Touch Screen Television ( ItouchTV ) . Peoples will chance straight on telecasting at place, hotel or aeroplane. As a consequence, the hereafter of chancing becomes more localised and less tourist-oriented ( Pearce A ; Butler, 1999 ) . While a figure of immature gamblers are lifting every bit good as societal jobs such as bankruptcy, depression and chancing dependence. For the in-between hereafter premise, privatising chancing would be occurred in the following gaming industry. Due to the fact that the efficiency of private sectors can heighten this industry for sustainability. With novelty experiences of denationalization offer difference services which satisfy more client demands, comparing the former direction of authorities monopolized chancing industry. In malice of this, forming denationalization as public endeavors would be the following 10 old ages of wagering touristry direction which refers to owned by authorities and operated by the private sector. A joint touristry between infinite and gaming is perchance exposed in the following 20 old ages. Due to a growing rate of infinite touristry anticipation, it illustrates there are 100,000 riders per twelvemonth, the concern could make 700,000 riders per twelvemonth by 2017, at a monetary value of about $ 25,000 per a rider ( Collins, 2006 ) . Then once more, the ground of synergistic touch screen engineering could supply a possibility of infinite gaming, for illustration, chancing in a projectile. Over all, the typical stakeholder of chancing touristry is authorities. The ground of this is chancing industry is related with Torahs, ordinances and policies straight. Furthermore, wagering concern is an ethical issue of persons and society. Although there are many benefits of this touristry, but besides there are several side effects particularly societal jobs as supra. This grounds why to make concern in chancing touristry industry, will necessitate to see carefully. List of Mentions Australian Institute for Gambling Research ( AIGR ) . ( 2001 ) . Social and economic impacts of chancing in New Zealand. Retrieved September 2, 2010, from www.aigr.uws.edu.au Basham, P. and White, K. ( 2002 ) . Gambling with Our Future? : The Costss and Benefits of Legalized Gambling. The Fraser Institute, Vancouver, CA Braunlich, C. G. ( 1996 ) . Lessons from the Atlantic City Casino Experience. Journal of travel research. 34 ( 3 ) . 46-56. Chapman, G. S. ( 1998 ) . Gambling and the cyberspace An Australian overview. Retrieved September 16, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.aic.gov.au/events/aic % 20upcoming % 20events/1998/ ~/media/conferences/gambling/chapman.ashx Cochrane, J. ( 2008 ) . Asiatic Tourism: Growth and Change. Elsevier Ltd. , Amsterdam, Netherland. Collins, P. ( 2006 ) . The Space Tourism Industry in 2030. Proceedings of Space 2000: The Seventh International Conference and Exposition on Engineering, Construction, Operations, and Business in Space. Commonwealth of Australia. ( 2009 ) . Digital Interactive Television. Retrieved September 16, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.fahcsia.gov.au/sa/gamblingdrugs/pubs/review_trends/Documents/chap6.htm Conrady, R. and Buck, M. ( 2008 ) . Tendencies and Issues in Global Tourism. Springer, Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. Dunstan, R. ( 1997 ) . Gambling in California. RetrievedA September 1, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.library.ca.gov/crb/97/03/crb97003.html # toc Felsenstein, D. and Freeman, D. ( 2002 ) . Chapter 6 Gambling on the Boundary line: Casinos, Tourism development, and the captives Dilemma. Tourism in Frontier Areas. Lexington Books, Maryland, U.S.A. Frey, J. H. and Eadington W. R. ( 1984 ) . The Casino Gambling Industry: A Study of political Economy. Gambling: Positions from the Social Sciences. Sage Publications, Beverly Hills, California. Grant Chapman ( 1998 ) . The Australian Institute for Gambling Research / Australian Institute of Criminology Conference on Gambling, Technology and Society. Home Gambling: An Australia Perspective. Retrieved August 9, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.pc.gov.au/data/assets /pdf_file/0010/49582/sub023.pdf Griffiths, M. and Delfabbro, P. ( 2002 ) . The Biopsychosocial Approach to Gambling: Contextual Factors in Research and Clinical Interventions. The electronic diary of chancing issues. Hofex, M. ( 2008 ) . Gambling on Television with a small aid from the cyberspace. Retrieved September 16, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.gamblingplanet.org/GP_editorial_200508a Hulse, J. W. ( 2004 ) . The Silver State: Nevada s Heritage Reinterpreted. University of Nevada Press, Reno, Nevada. Insider Viewpoint of Las Vegas ( IVLV ) . ( 2010 ) . Nevada Facts and Statistics. RetrievedA September 10, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.insidervlv.com/didyouknow.html Ivanova, A. and Atanasova, S. ( 2009 ) . Gambling Tourism in Bulgaria. Retrieved September 1, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm? abstract_id=1523211 McMillen, J. and Grabosky, P. ( 1998 ) . Internet Gambling. Australian Institute of Criminology: Trends A ; Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice. 88, 1-6. McMillen, J. ( 1996 ) . Gambling Cultures: Surveies in History and Interpretation. ( 1st ed. ) . Routledge, London. McMillen, J. ( 2005 ) . Gambling Cultures: surveies in history and reading. From glamor to grid: the globalisation of casinos, 240-246. Miller, G. and Twining- Ward L. Monitoring as an Approach to Sustainable Tourism. Tourism Futures, 51-64. Ministerial Council on Gambling ( MCG ) . ( 2008 ) . National Framework on Problem Gambling. Retrieved September 2, 2010, from www.facs.gov.au National Gambling Impact Study Commission [ NGISC ] . ( 1999a ) . Executive Summary. U.S.A. Pahor, M. ( n.d. ) . The impact of chancing on societal and economic environment in Nova Gorica.A RetrievedA September 1, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.fuds.si/media/pdf/organizacija/ nova.gorica.pahor_.pdf Pearce, D. G. and Butler, R. W. ( 1999 ) . Contemporary Issues in Tourism Development. Routledge, Canada. Pearce, D. G. and Butler, R.W. ( 2002 ) . The Spread of Casinos and their Function in Tourism Development. Contemporary Issues in Tourism Development. Routledge, London and New York. Report to the Nevada Department of Human Resources, 2002. Gambling and job gaming in Nevada, 13-25. Roe, D. , Williams, N. and Dalan, C. B. ( 1997 ) . Take merely exposures leave merely footmarks. IIED Wildlife and Development Series, 10. Sethi P. ( 1999 ) . Tourism: The Following Generation. J.L. Kumar for Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd. , New Delhi. Shonkwiler, J. C. ( 1993 ) . Measuring the impact of Atlantic City casinos on Nevada bet oning grosss. Atlantic Economic Journal, 21 ( 2 ) , 50-61. Singh S. , Timothy D. and Dowling R. ( 2003 ) . Tourism in Destination Community. AMA DataSet Ltd, United Kingdom.